# 1882 / Spatio-Temporal Analysis Of Sand-Density Distribution Beneath Traveling Wheel Based On Particle Image Velocimetry ## Authors Kenji Nagaoka and Seigo Sakai {% hint style="info" %} Paper presented at ISTVS 2024 | 21st International and 12th Asia-Pacific Regional Conference of the ISTVS\ Keywords: Wheel-soil interaction; Sand-density distribution; Sand flow field; Particle image velocimetry\ {% endhint %} ## Abstract This paper proposes a spatio-temporal analysis of sand-density distribution beneath a traveling wheel based on a particle image velocimetry (PIV) method. With the advancement of image processing technology and the higher resolution of commercially available digital cameras, the PIV methods have been widely used to directly visualize the sand flow field without tracer particles. They can output the numerous sand velocity vectors at a moment in time. By continuously connecting sand flow fields obtained, we can surmise their spatio-temporal changes, though, each flow field is obtained as a spatio-temporally independent feature. Thus, we attempt to propose a PIV-based spatio-temporal analysis accumulating the sand flow vectors, and thereby show a spatio-temporal change of the sand-density distributions beneath the traveling wheel, where the sand density is represented by the relative density. Although the method requires some assumptions, it can represent the spatio-temporal behavior of the sandy terrain, which has not been shown before. *** Full paper purchase: \ ISTVS members receive three complimentary papers per year: --- # Agent Instructions: Querying This Documentation If you need additional information that is not directly available in this page, you can query the documentation dynamically by asking a question. Perform an HTTP GET request on the current page URL with the `ask` query parameter: ``` GET https://2024.istvs.org/submissions/papers/1882.md?ask= ``` The question should be specific, self-contained, and written in natural language. The response will contain a direct answer to the question and relevant excerpts and sources from the documentation. Use this mechanism when the answer is not explicitly present in the current page, you need clarification or additional context, or you want to retrieve related documentation sections.